Adam Smith (1723–1790) revolutionized the perception of self-interest; basing his doctrine on third-party approbation. Unlike the Federalists, like James Madison (1751–1836) and John Adams (1735–1826), Adam Smith believed that self-interest was essential to invoke a passion within man, allowing him to place his self-directed actions in a position to better serve his community; thus ensuring commonwealth. To achieve this, Smith implemented an